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| Topics:  CIDR
VLSM |
Sound: Submarine ping
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Support WebCast: Windows 2000 DNS Client-side Name Resolution by Tim Rains
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Dan DiNicolo's article on WINS
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Buy domains from the lowest cost/fastest service I know
Search for name availability at DNSResearch
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.post — a non-profit domain, sponsored by the Universal Postal Union,
with be prefixed with 3 letter code for each country,
.travel sponsored by Tralliance, a partnership of travel organizations
.jobs sponsored by The Society for Human Resource Management
.mobi for mobile content and service providers
.edu domains are for accredited degree granting higher education institutions.
.org domains are for non-profit organizations, such as the
International Trademark Association
.gov domains are for governmental organizations, such as the
US Patent and Trademark Office
.mil domains are used exclusively by the US military (Department of Defense).
.int domains are restricted to organizations established by international treaties between governments,
including some agencies and organizations of the United Nations.
ccTLD (country code Top Level Domains) are designated by ICANN based on ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 code elements.
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. But, for $50 million, it's being marketed as "television" around the world for businesses such as
Tech.TV .
The .la ccTLD assigned to Laos is being associated with “Los Angeles”.
.cc for Cocos (Keeling Islands) is also “Country Club” by David Sams Industries.
.ph for Phillipines is also “Phone”
.vc for St. Vincent is also “Venture Capitalist”
.ws for Western Somoa is also “Website”
.nu for the South Pacific nation of Nieue is used by those who
recognize that the word in French means "nude".
Several new top level domains approved by ICANN in 2001:
.info (information services) registras are authorized by Afilias
The 7,000
nic.coop domains registered so far are for members of the sponsor, the U.S.
National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA),
or the
International Co-operative Alliance (ICA).
.pro, and
85,000 registrations of
.name domains.
.eu was approved by ICANN in March 2005 to launch in early 2006 through Belgium-based registrar EURid.
Name already taken? Consider these variations:
Even though Wal-Mart won Wal-MartCanadaSucks.com, the company
proactively registered over 100 unflattering variations on it trade name.
Other examples:
IHate... Dontbuy... evil...
...stinks ...Bites
javaSucks.com
Buy domains from the lowest cost/fastest service I know
Popular hate sites include ununited.com
Beware of obfuscated URLs such as this, which impersonates ebay to steals credit card and identity info:
| Is the link below from the U.S. government? Click "Reveal URL" and see how a spammer can obfuscate (hide) the true origin of their website: If the result is a numeric IP address, Reverse IP Lookup to find who owns the IP address. Report spammers annonymously to Spamcop.net.
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dhcp.org
q130642 - How to Move a DHCP Database to Another Windows Server
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The scope of IP address ranges (and exclusions) are specified
using the DHCP console.
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A convenient way to specify one set of DHCP configuration settings for a group of DHCP clients (such as short lease period for mobile DHCP clients who typically log in for only a few hours at a time),
from the DHCP console tree, choose from the context menu "Define User Class" and click Add. Specify the class name and description.
Then configure advanced options for the user class.
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| Key | Data Type | Default Value |
|---|---|---|
| ActivityLogFlag | REG_DWORD | 1 |
| DhcpLogFilePath | REG_SZ | System32\dhcp |
| DhcpLogMinSpaceOnDisk | REG_DWORD | 20 MB |
| DhcpLogDiskSpaceCheckInterval | REG_DWORD | 50 MB |
| DhcpLogFilesMaxSize | REG_DWORD | 7 MB |
NAT provides IP address assignment and DNS Proxy name resolution services to internal network clients.
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ICS is used in small offices to do the work of a DNS server for name resolution, and DHCP servers for automatic Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation.
In other words, ICS can NOT be used on a network with DNS and DHCP servers.
After ICS is enabled, no further configuration of DNS or IP addressing services can be allowed on the network.
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| Standard | Active Directory Integrated |
|---|---|
| DNSZone | Container Objects |
| DNSNode | Leaf Objects |
This is done using the DNS Console Manager GUI -- in a zone's Properties dialog box General tab, click the change button. Alternately, use a script to issue sub-commands from command interface
nslookup.exe
AD Integration is reversed in the Advanced tab by setting the “Load Data On Startup” field to “From Registry”.
Use the Windows 2000 Network Monitor to monitor and capture
packets sent to and from DNS servers.
DNS server administration can be done by a script using this utility from the Windows 2000 Server product CD:
DNSCMD.EXEServers send an A (resource) record to DNS when it first boots up. To force a member server to register itself to DNS:
ipconfig /registerdns
In the Event Log, the DNS log file shows DNS request activities.
But it doesn't show specific zone property changes
or information about existing zone transfers.
Caching-only DNS servers work from data cached while resolving queries using server in Root Hints stored in the Cache.dns file rather than from DNS zone transfers.
If you have a dynamic IP address (such as a DSL modem), you can still give out a URL address if your
machine has DynSite which constantly
updates your actual IP address in the table referenced by the DNS server associated with the URL you give out.
Companies such as
DtDNS offer DNS servers which refer to Dynamic Hostnames (FREE or at $5 a year).
My notes on Routers and Routing
My notes on Data Communications
Name Server (NS) Registry.com allows you to check if a name server is valid.
Windows 2000: WINS and DNS: What's New.: November 16, 1999
Windows 2000: WINS and DNS: What's New: November 16, 1999
Windows 2000: Installing and Configuring the DNS Dynamic Update Protocol: December 23, 1999
How Microsoft Windows 2000 Dynamic DNS Updates Work by Tim Rains May 3, 2001
How to Change a Computer's Domain Name System Server from the Command Line [using Regfind]
DNS in the Active Directory Tree Part 1: by Mark Simos, September 12, 2000
Microsoft Metadirectory Services by Paige Verwolf August 8, 2000
DNS and Bind by Cricket Liu (O'Reilly)
Bind v8.1.2 (not 8.1)
Windows 2000 uses Dynamic DNS
[RFC 2136] which communicates with DHCP to dynamically register
DNS A (resource) and PTR resource records.
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Visualroute (a Java applet) displays traceroutes on a world map. Very cool.
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| Aspect | IPv4 | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|
| Separator | dot (.) | colon (:) |
| Notation style | Four sets of three digits | Eight sets of four digits |
| Abbreviation Compression | If all three digits are zero, single zero is used | If all four digits are zero, a double colon is used |
| Address Length | 4 bytes (32 bits) | 16 bytes (128 bits) |
| Types of addresses | Public, private, multicast | Global, local-use unicast, anycast |
| IPsec support | Optional | Requuired |
| Fragmentation | Done by hosts and routers | Done by hosts only |
| Error reporting | ICMP (for IPv4) | ICMPv6 and diagnostic |
| Router discovery | Optional | Required support |
| Host configuration | Optional | Required support |
| DNS record type | A record | AAAA record for name resolution |
| DNS record type and location for reverse name resolution | PTR records in IN-ADDR.ARPA | IP6.ARPA domain name resolution |
For convenience, the 32 bits of IP addresses are expressed in dotted decimal notation and formated in 4 segments: w.x.y.z. An IP address such as 216.26.144.60 represents 4 octets of 8 bits each. The “oct” prefix in octet is a Greek word equivalent to the English word “eight”.
RFC 2073 describes the hierarchical structure of IPv6 addresses divided into 16 segments of 8 bits each:
The IPv6 Unicast Format [RFC 2073]
Decimal expressions do not include leading zeroes and extraneous zeros are replaced with a double colon (::).
RFC 2026 - IPv6 is processed tunnel within IPv6 equipment.
RFC 1883 uses 128 bit of 6 octets.
The 6bone experimental IPv6 network can run over IPv4 tunnels as it transitions to native IPv6. Beginning with Release 12.0(21)ST1, Cisco's 12000 series Internet Routers support IPv6.
Microsoft .NET Framework 3.0 (which includes CLR 2.0) improved the Microsoft's Dual IPv4 / IPv6 stack with Teredo, introduced in the "Advanced Networking Pack" of Windows XP SP 2 and is enabled by default in Windows Vista and above.
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Varible-length Subnet Masks (VLSMs)Organization assigned to Autonomous System (AS) number cache used by the CIDR-Report
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), submitted to IETF in RFC 2661, merges Microsoft's PPTP and Cisco's L2F for Secure IP (IPSec).
Sources of information on IPv6:
learntosubnet.com lectures are a part of the
LearnTCPIP series.
Next Generation Overview from the CableGuy on Technet
Changes to IPv6 in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
IPv6 Overview from Microsoft Technet is available as a
Word file
tcpipguide.com [has pop-ups]
The IPv6 Working Group Charter and Documents
Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses 2/98 Federal Register
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The left-most bit of all IPv4 addresses is always 0.
The number of bits in each portion depends on the class of that IP address.
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1985 RFC 950 allows a Network Number assigned by IANA to be divided into several physical segments in a TCP/IP environment, each segment with a unique Extended Network Prefix containing a Subnet number.
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Deep down, computers handle only 1's and 0's -- a Binary (base 2) system of counting. Because each position has only two (rather than 10) values, “10” (102) is equivalent to 2 in the decimal system.
Binary 1000 0000 is equivalent to 128 in our normal decimal system. All 1's is decimal 255.
The Decimal Value is calculated by the power of 2 (values 0 and 1). 128 is 2 to the 8th power.
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Practice constructing this table quickly to convert between binary and base 10 numbering systems.
Right before starting to answer an exam, write this table down on scratch paper the proctor gives you (do not bring this on your own paper into the exam). During the exam, refer to this table rather than wasting time
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Keep adding ... from the highest order bit until the sum is higher than the target value: 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 + 16 = 112 (too much) 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 + 0 + 8 = 104 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 + 0 + 8 = 104 + 4 = 108 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 + 0 + 8 = 104 + 4 = 108 + 2 = 110 (too much) 0 + 64 + 32 = 96 + 0 + 8 = 104 + 4 = 108 + 0 + 1 = 109 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Bitmaps for Special Addresses reserved by IANA |
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| A=192 | + | B=168 | + | C=101 | + | D=62 | = | ? |
| A*m^3 | + | B*m^2 | + | C*m^1 | + | D*m^0 | = | ? |
| A x (256*256*256) | + | B x (256*256) | + | C x 256 | + | D | = | ? |
| A x 16777216 | + | B x 65536 | + | C x 256 | + | D | = | ? |
| 3221225472 | + | 11010048 | + | 25856 | + | D | = | 3232261438 |
PHP 4 provides functions to convert between the two formats:
TCP/IP Addressing & Subnetting
Download
Activating the scope is a separate manual step commonly missed.
$dotted_ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
$ip_number = sprintf("%u", ip2long($dotted_ip_address));
$dotted_ip_address = long2ip($ip_number);
MySQL provides its functions to convert:
SELECT country_name FROM iptocountry
WHERE inet_aton('$remote_addr') >= ip_from
AND inet_aton('$remote_addr') <= ip_to;
In VBScript:
function vbLong2ip(ipLong) ipLong = abs(ipLong) ipA = fix(ipLong/256^3) ipB = fix((ipLong-ipA*256^3)/256^2) ipC = fix((ipLong-(ipA*256^3+ipB*256^2))/256) ipD = fix(ipLong-((ipA*256^3)+(ipB*256^2)+(ipC*256))) vbLong2ip=ipA & "." & ipB & "." & ipC & "." & ipD end function
Phython custom functions:
def num2dot(c):
assert c > 0 and c < 4294967295
ip = []
for i in xrange(3, 0, -1):
p = 256 ** i
ip.append(c/p)
c -= (c/p)*p
ip.append(c)
return '.'.join([str(x) for x in ip])
def dot2num(s):
ip = [int(x) for x in s.split('.')]
i = 0
for x in xrange(3, 0, -1):
i += ip.pop(0) * (256 ** x)
i += ip.pop(0)
return i
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| Class | Subnet Mask (in Dot.Decimal) | Binary Value 1 for subets h for hosts | n Bits for alloc. to subnet or host ID | # of Subnets | # of Host ID's |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 255.0.0.0 | 0 & 24 | 0 | 16,777,214 | |
| B | 255.255.0.0 | 0 & 16 | 0 | 65,534 | |
| B | 255.255.128.0 | 1hhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh | 1 & 15 | 32,766 | |
| B | 255.255.192.0 | 11hhhhhh.hhhhhhhh | 2 & 14 | 16,382 | |
| B | 255.255.224.0 | 111hhhhh.hhhhhhhh | 3 & 13 | 8,190 | |
| B | 255.255.240.0 | 1111hhhh.hhhhhhhh | 4 & 12 | 4,096 | |
| B | 255.255.248.0 | 11111hhh.hhhhhhhh | 5 & 11 | 2,046 | |
| B | 255.255.252.0 | 111111hh.hhhhhhhh | 6 & 10 | 1,022 | |
| B | 255.255.254.0 | 1111111h.hhhhhhhh | 7 & 9 | 124 | 510 |
| B | 255.255.255.0 | 11111111.hhhhhhhh | 8 & 8 | 254 | 254 |
| C | 255.255.255.0 | 11111111.hhhhhhhh | 0 & 8 | 0 | 124 |
| C | 255.255.255.128 | 1hhhhhhh | 1 & 7 | ??? | |
| C | 255.255.255.192 | 11hhhhhh | 2 & 6 | 2 | 62 |
| C | 255.255.255.224 | 111hhhhh | 3 & 5 | 6 | 30 |
| C | 255.255.255.240 | 1111hhhh | 4 & 4 | 14 | 14 |
| C | 255.255.255.248 | 11111hhh | 5 & 3 | 30 | 6 |
| C | 255.255.255.252 | 111111hh | 6 & 2 | 62 | 2 |
| C | 255.255.255.254 | 1111111h | 7 & 1 | ??? | |
| C | 255.255.255.255 | 11111111 | broadcast | ||
Another explanation:
255.255.255.192 (11000000) uses 2 bits to yield (2**2=4 -2 =2) subnets of (2**4=64-2==)62 hosts each
255.255.255.224 (11100000) uses 3 bits to yield 6 subnets of (2**4=32 -2==30 hosts each
255.255.255.240 (11110000) uses 4 bits to yield 14 subnets of 14 hosts each
255.255.255.248 (11111000) uses 5 bits to yield 30 subnets of 6 hosts each
255.255.255.252 (11111100) uses 6 bits to yield (2**6)=64 - 2 == 62 subnets, leaving one bit of 2 hosts each
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| Exam Topic | MCP 70-221 Design | MCP 70-216 Admin | CCNA |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCP/IP Network Protocols 
| 2 | 4 | |
| DHCP
| 3 | 2 | |
| DNS
| 4 | 1 | |
| WINS
| 5 | 5 | |
| Remote Access
| 6 | 3 | |
| RADIUS
| 7 | ||
| Connection Manager | 8 | ||
| Routing
| 9 | 6 | |
| Multicasting
| 10 | ||
| Demand-Dial Routing | 11 | ||
| VPN | 12 | ||
| IPSec
| 13 | ||
| Connection Sharing | 14 | 7 (NAT) | |
| Proxy Server | 15 | ||
| Certificate Services
| - | 8 |
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To help you prepare, Microsoft CTEC's such as Quickstart offer a $1,700 classroom 4 day course 1562: Designing a Microsoft Windows 2000 Networking Services Infrastructure
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| Your first name: Your family name: Your location (city, country): Your Email address: |
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