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Reload this page SAP R/3 Performance Monitoring & Tuning

Here is a condensed (without the sales hype) analysis of how to make SAP R/3 systems performant. Included are tips on how to analyze, measure, and tune SAP for performance.

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SAP GUI Emulation for Load Testing
SAP R/3 ABAP Programming
SAP Enterprise Portal

 

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* SAP's Glossary,
* help.sap.com
* SAP Developer Network

Set screen R/3 Server Architecture Overview

    SAP R/3 application modules run on application servers which obtain persistent data from a database.

    Each SAP application server hosts one or more R/3 instances, each with its own dispatcher queue management process administering a set of R/3 work processes (WP's).

    Each WP consists of an ABAP language interpreter/processor, a task handler, and database connections.

    ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is SAP's custom programming language reference dynpros (dynamic programs) stored in the object repository.

 

    SAP offers a Workload Analysis training course to teach performance and tuning.

    Interface BAPIs (Business Application Program Interfaces), BADIS, RFCs (remote function calls) or RPCs (remote procedure calls), etc. defined at the SAP Interface Repository http://ifr.sap.com

 
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Set screen SAP Transaction Time Standards

    Part of the development process (before you check in code), run SAP Transaction SAID (Single Transaction).

    Metric Standard
    Wait Time LT 10% of response time
    Roll Wait Time LT 200 mx
    Roll-In Time LT 20 ms

    Internally, SAP provides a "Bandwidth Test" web service page for clients to determine the speed of the network connecting them to SAP servers:

 

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Set screen Enough ABAP Work Processes?

    ABAP servers have a fixed number of work processes.

    So make sure that there are enough "unoccupied" work processes (CPU utilization of near zero) on a particular machine by using Transaction SM50 (Process Overview). Click on the CPU column heading to sort by CPU utilization.

    To monitor work processes on the whole landscape, use transaction SM66 (Global Work Process Overview). By default, abbreviated information is shown (based on ADM special C calls). In Settings unselect "Display only abbreviated information" so that RFC is scheduled to collect detailed data.


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Set screen SAP Performance Tuning Strategies

    Tuning efforts on SAP systems include:

  1. Ensure that performance issues are addressed and tools are available at each project phase.
  2. Use another page on this siteindustry-standard benchmarks to guage performance expectations from hardware and SAP applications.
  3. End-User Terminal /PC another page on this site browser MTU settings and administration (defragmentation, virus/spyware checker, etc.).
  4. Use 64-bit motherboards, another page on this siteOS kernel, and application software (especially for systems using over 2GB of main memory)
  5. Set Operating system parameters for efficient another page on this site Windows Page File Location and Size, plus other parameters.
  6. Set another page on this site Java VM Parameters
  7. Spread load out across several server machines to accomodate higher throughput and for more reliable redundancy.
  8. On each server, balance disk usage (I/O) by workload across physical hard disks available.
  9. Balance SAP database Tablespaces based on disk monitoring.
  10. Configure the R/3 Basis System Server Services with the most appropriate database connection buffers, R/3 buffers, number of work processes, etc..
  11. Database tuning consists of these tasks:
    1. another page on this site Optimize (Oracle) database configuration settings, such the size of database buffers.
    2. another page on this site Measure the cost of individual SQL requests so that "expensive" SQL statements which take an excessively long time are identified and optimized.
    3. Reducing the number of requests for the most frequently requested data (identified during workload analysis) and resolved by tuning how coding stores data for reuse.
    4. Create, change, or delete secondary indexes.

 
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Set screen Performance Management at Each Phase of Implementation

    Among SAP's Business Blueprint library offerings downloaded from SAP Software Distribution Center on the SAP Service Marketplace (for free with S-User ID) include a reference system as an implementation starting point in the Baseline Package.

    SAP's AcceleratedSAP (ASAP) project documentation service documents SAP System design project decisions, issue resolution, and configuration changes.

    Each ASAP Roadmap prescribes activities which group specific tasks producing deliverables.

    Before SAP Solution Manageranother page on this site, AcceleratedSAP 4.0 contained 350 "accelerators" such as predefined templates and forms for use while performing implementation as well as examples, how-to documents, and descriptive texts such as white papers.

    • The R/3 Structure Modeler graphically presents the R/3 System organizational structures of an enterprise using the Structure Modeler Visio® template.
    • The R/3 Interface Adviser provides a central pool of information to design and implement permanent interfaces between SAP R/3 components and non-SAP systems.
    • The Report Navigator provides a directory of 2,000+ standard R/3 operational reports to pull and analyze critical transactional information.

    Each roadmap organizes tasks within activities within work packages within 5 phases:

    1. The Project Preparation phase uses SAP's Question and Answer Database (Q&Adb) while the project team is identified and mobilized, project standards are defined, and project work environments are set up.
    2. Those concerned with performance testing would be identifying stakeholders in security and administration to ensure that

      • the correct number and size of machines are obtained match the scope of the testing desired (this is determined from a capacity analysis)
      • enough permissions are granted to those performing the work (this is the single greatest cause of delay)
      • the appropriate versions of software and utilities are available (to avoid incompatibilities)

    3. The Business Blueprint phase creates Business Process Procedures (BPP) based on SAP's Business Process Master List (BPML) of over 1,300 business processes operating within SAP's R/3 Reference Model.
    4. Those concerned with performance testing would be identifying application components and utilities.

    5. The Realization phase creates End User Procedures (EUP) for transaction contexts and configuration guidance in the Implementation Guide (IMG). Unit testing is completed, and data mappings and data requirements for migration are defined;
    6. Those concerned with performance testing would be creating scripts and the framework which make debugging and running scripts efficient.

    7. The Final Preparation phase includes integration and conversion testing, performance testing and tuning, and user training.
    8. Those concerned with performance testing would be running performance tests.

    9. The GoLive(TM) & Support phase migrates data from the legacy systems, and activates the new system with post-implementation review and support.
    10. Those concerned with performance testing would be monitoring metrics collected from production.

    The Project Estimator generates project plans during the sales phase that precede all this.

    SAP's R/3 Info Database (InfoDB) tracks skill levels.

 

SAP R/3 Implementation with ASAP: The Official SAP Guide (Hardcover) (Sybex Inc., 1998) by Dr. Hartwig Brand of SAP's TCC (Technical Core Competence) Group.

book SAP Planning: Best Practices in Implementation (Paperback) (Sams; Pap/Cdr edition (May 19, 2003) by George W. Anderson

 

book Implementing SAP With an Asap Methodology Focus (Paperback) (Writers Club Press, July 2002) by Arshad H. Khan

 

book Configuring SAP R/3 FI/CO: The Essential Resource for Configuring the Financial and Controlling Modules (Hardcover) (Sybex; 1st edition, April 15, 2000) by Quentin Hurst and David Nowak

Slide show

SAP ABAP Performance Tuning Tips & Tricks Introduction among SAP Tutorials at thespot4sap


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Set screen Major Physical Component Servers

    The components for technical tuning are the operating system, the database, the R/3 work processes, R/3 buffers, memory management, and the network, laid out here for each component server of a full SAP system:

    Client SAPGUI/Browser
    * Configuration
    SAP Web AS (WAS)
    * Configuration
    * ABAP coding
    * Java coding
    # Dialog processes
    # thread pools
    Message server
    * JMS Configuration
    Enqueue server
    * Configuration
    Database server
    * Configuration
    * File Distribution
    * Replication
    another page on this siteOracle
    Authentication server
    * Configuration
    Reporting server
    * Configuration
    Connectors from
    Client SAPGUI/Browser
    Connectors from
    SAP Web AS server
    Connectors from
    Messaging server
    Connectors from
    Enqueue server
    Connectors from
    Database server
    Connectors from
    Authentication server
    Connectors from
    Reporting server
    JVM in
    Client SAPGUI/Browser
    JVM in
    SAP Web AS server
    JVM in
    Messaging server
    JVM in
    Enqueue server
    JVM in
    Database server
    JVM in
    Authentication server
    JVM in
    Reporting server
    OS in
    Client SAPGUI/Browser
    OS in
    SAP Web AS server
    OS in
    Messaging server
    OS in
    Enqueue server
    OS in
    Database server
    OS in
    Authentication server
    OS in
    Reporting server
    Machine hardware: Memory, Hard Disk, etc.
    Network: Hubs, Routers, Proxy, Load Balancer, Firewall, DNS, Gateways, Bridges, Backbone

    Performance problems in large R/3 installations with more than 10 application servers are most often caused by bottlenecks in the database server.

    Several application servers may belong to a single SAP System (identified by a SID).


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Set screen SAP Clients and End-User Terminals

    SAPGUI.exe for Windows is the most commonly used client.
    saplogon.exe generates a parameter string for the system selected for logon.

    SAPGUI for Java — a platform-independent implementation — uses the DIAG protocol.

    [_] Set protocol.ora file parameter tcp.nodelay=yes so that packets are streamed onto the network without delay.

    [_] Reduce memory usage during login by disabling images. Use transaction SM30 and select table SSM_CUST to create a new entry named HIDE_START_IMAGE. Set its value to YES.

    One way to identify how many users are using the system is to configure and activate SAP Audit Profiles with Tx SM19, then use Tx SM20 to review the mass of data it outputs.

 

    Experts with SAP's "Remote Support" service log onto systems to resolve problems.

    The multiclient concept of R/3" on SAPnet.

 
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Set screen Server Machines

    Each set of servers to run SAP contains several machines:

    1. a firewall / network load balancer device that allocates traffic to web servers. Having the device also handle SSL translation would alliviate 15% of web server load.
    2. an enqueue server or load balancer device to
    3. a SAP Web AS central instance application server OLTP and BW processing are on separate clusters.
    4. a SAP Web AS dialog application server that load balances where users log onto. This processes user requests and handles the business logic.
    5. a SAP ECC server.
    6. a SAP Enterprise Portal with UME.
    7. a messaging server (processing JMS or MS Exchange). Spam filter devices may sit between email servers and the public internet.
    8. a back-end database server (Oracle, MS SQL, IBM DB2, SAP DB, etc.). More demanding environments install dedicated high-speed NICs and cables between the database and app servers.
    9. a SAN or NAS server to store data.
    10. a dedicated print server, since print queues and printing can consume much memory and bandwidth. The same physical printer can be defined with different logical names to different host spoolers so that load can be distributed among more printers as needed.
    11. a system monitoring server to be a sink for JMX, SNMP, and other logging and monitoring data. Larger installations would have separate servers to receive data and servers to analyze and present the data.
    12. For EDI, a CUA server to ALE child system servers.
    13. For analytics:
      • a Business Warehouse database,
      • ETL,
      • reporting servers to analyze data.
    14. Load controllers and generators

    All hard disk drives would be mirrored.

    There is a set of these servers for each environment (dev, integration, SCM, functional test, performance test, staging, production, etc.).

    Java and ABAB each go into their separate application, messaging, and enque servers.

    In 1998 SAP AG announced a four-tiered client/server architecture that uses an expanded database memory cache SAP calls liveCache that insulates the database from SAP applications and allows for real-time manipulation of database objects in memory.

    Connectors

    Connectors include sockets to the database, which may be pooled within a Hibernate layer.

    Set screen SAP Transactions

    In the SAP world, a transaction is an operation that lets a user make changes to a database.

    Each transaction is a sequence of related dialog steps controlled by a dynpro (dynamic program) presenting fields in screens. Its processing logic consists of the PBO (process before output) to screen and PAI (Process After Input) by user.

    The SAP dispatcher transaction monitor sequences those steps.

    Transactions operate with locking and commit as a database LUW (Logical Unit of Work) so that related changes either update all as a unit or none at all.

    Transactions usually contain an interactive phase and an update phase.

    Set screen Load Balancing

    SAP can be configured automatically to balance the load on the system

    SAP's J2EE Engine is activated by the Icman (ICM monitor) service that forwards requests to the J2EE server. Configured in /sap/public/icman and /sap/public/icf_info. and started with SAP Transaction SMICM, "Administration J2EE Server". In Transaction RZ11, set the rdisp/j2ee_start parameter to 1.

    Icf_info supplies the web dispatcher with information needed for load balancing.

    The web application server receives both ABAP and Java requests. The web dispatcher forwards requests to the web application server or the J2EE server.

    A stand-alone Message server is required for each installation. Java installations also require a separate enqueue server.

    The stand-alone dispatcher for J2EE, dpj2ee, is activated with profile parameter icm/dpj2ee to TRUE. It doesn't require a database, work process, or a SAP gateway. It starts the ICM and the J2EE Engine and connects to the message server.

 

 
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Set screen R/3 Databases

    The evaluation version downloadable from SAP comes with SAP's own Max DB database.

    Although SAP also supports Microsoft's SQL Server, IBM's DB2 Universal Database,
    Oracle databases are used by a large majority of SAP production instances.

    SAP mandates that the Oracle SID (System IDentifier) (specified in Unix and some other operating systems as ORACLE_SID) always begin with an uppercase "SA" followed by a single alphanumeric digit or a single uppercase alphabetic character (such as "SA9" in the range SA0-SA9 or SAA-SAZ).

 

    SAP Note 327494 recommends settings for MS SQL Server.

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    Set screen R/3 On Oracle

    Reorganize Memory

    SAP encourages a buffer hit ratio of at least 95%.

    [_] Dedicate a large amount of memory to the DB_BLOCK_BUFFER initialization parameter.

    Spread I/O Around

    [_] Segregate highly volatile tablespaces (such as PSAPSTABD and PSAPBTABD containing main transaction tables VBAP, VBUP, and VBEP) into separate dedicated tablespaces so that they can grow very large over many data files with file striping to balance the load across many disk devices.

    [_] Create two copies of each target tablespace to allow for COPY TABLE AS SELECT reorganization between them.

    [_] Dedicate (partition) a separate disk controller for writing the archived redo logs. To that mount point isolate high volumes and write activity with exclusive control.

    Size Redo Logs

    [_] Size redo logs so that they switch no more than once every 30 minutes.

    [_] Set the LOG_BUFFER initialization parameter large enough to avoid redo log space requests.

    [_] Buffer tables with many read accesses but with fewer than 100 changes per day. Display table call statistics from the initial screen, Administration > System administration > Monitor > Performance > Setup/Buffers > Buffers > Detail analysis menu > Call statistics. On the next screen, make a selection and choose Enter. Sort the display according to the data records called. Position the cursor on an entry in the column Calls (under DB activity) and choose Sort. The Changes column indicates which tables are being changed most frequently since the system was started.

    Size Rollback Segments

    [_] Rollback segments should be set large enough to avoid "snapshot too old" messages, while containing enough extents. For example, if a 64MB rollback segment is large enough to avoid all "snapshot too old" messages, then allocate the rollback segment with the following code: INITIAL=16M NEXT=16M MINEXTENTS=2

    Freespace Not Needed In blocks

    In its table creation data defintion language (DDL), SAP uses fixed-length CHAR datatypes rather than VARCHAR (variable length character) datatype. This is perhaps not all database vendors do not support it.

    Oracle provides VARCHAR so that it can store data using the actual size of the field rather than taking up blank space defined to make sure that users don't run out of room on a field. However, because SAP tables are NOT created with VARCHAR datatypes SAP produces large archived redo logs. So it is not uncommon for large SAP databases to archive many gigabytes of information every hour.

    Also for efficiency, Oracle performs I/O to/from disk in fixed-sized (e.g., 4KB) blocks containing several rows. Oracle accomodates varying actual VARCHAR lengths by reserving a percent of blocks free for expansion as users add more bytes to VARCHAR fields.

    As of SAP 4.0, SAP tables are defined with PCTFREE=10, which means that 10% of every block is reserved for row expansion. With default 4K blocks, the reserved space will equal 400 bytes (not counting block header space). So any row that has more than 400 bytes in length is likely to encounter much additional I/0 looking for free blocks.

    Ironically, since SAP does not use VARCHAR datatypes, expansion will never occur and the space is wasted. Furthermore, PCTFREE=10 is not large enough because many SAP table rows are usually quite large (up to 15,775 bytes). Thus, Oracle wastes additional I/O looking for free blocks which are usually too small anyway. It is usually faster for Oracle to extend into new blocks than to reuse existing blocks, which incurs I/O for Oracle to link and unlink blocks to a freelist of where free blocks are available for use.

    Therefore, the strategy for SAP is:
    [_] Set PCTFREE=1 (very low) to turn off freelist links/unlinks altogether.
    Best yet, create tables with Oracle 10g EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL.

    [_] Because of large rows and use of LONG RAW within SAP's tables (particularly in the CLU tablespace) increase Oracle's default block size to the largest allowed by the Unix operating systems (8K) would minimize row chaining when the row length exceeds the database block size.

    user-defined SAP tables begin with the letter "Z".

    PCTUSED

    Burelson [1999, pg. 130] notes that, as of SAP 4.0, SAP delivers all of its tables, regardless of the database block size or the average row length for the table, with PCTUSED=40. This setting means that a block must become less than 40% full before being relinked on the table freelist. The lower the value for PCTUSED, the less I/O the system will have at insert time, and the faster the system can run. A block will be nearly empty before it becomes eligible to accept new rows. As a result, many SAP tables relink blocks onto the freelists, even though there is not enough room on the block to accept a new row.

      (pg. 132) "I've seen cases where changing the table values (using the Oracle ALTER TABLE command) has more than doubled the throughput of transactions against a table."

    [_] set PCTUSED so that newly linked blocks have enough room to accept rows.

    Burelson's pctused.sql script calculates the setting for PCTFREE and PCTUSED as a function of the number of rows to store between I/Os.

    Cluster Resequence Tables

    [_] When SAP table rows are resequenced in the same physical order as the table's primary key index, adjacent rows reside on a cluster of contiguous blocks that Oracle can retrieve together all at once. This situation saves as much as 50% in I/O with some SAP queries.

    To identify tables that will benefit from resequencing, analyze the SAP primary key indexes (i.e., those that end in a zero) to obtain the clustering factor column in the DBA_INDEXES data dictionary view. Just because a table has many extents does not necessarily mean it's inefficient. Numerous benchmarks have repeatedly demonstrated that extended tables often outperform tables that reside in a single extent. Due to file size limitations in older Unix systems, larger SAP tables must be allocated in two-gigabyte chunks. This means that any SAP tables that are more than two gigabytes must have more than two extents, since Oracle does not permit an extent to span a datafile.

    Resequencing can be performed one of several ways:

    • CREATE TABLE AS SELECT (CTAS) SQL statement though a duplicate tablespace on another disk (the fastest way)

      CREATE TABLE vbap_sorted TABLESPACE vbap_copy
          STORAGE (INITIAL          500M
                   NEXT             50M
                   MAXEXTENTS       UNLIMITED
                  )
      PARALLEL (DEGREE 4)
      AS SELECT * FROM sapr3.vbap
      ORDER BY mandt, vbe1n, posnr;
      
    • Oracle's export/import utilities
    • Oracle's SQL*Loader utility

    Index Optimization

    SAP tables are created with a primary key index (TABLENAME_0). This means that full table index range scans are not needed. This also means that during normal SAP processing does not take advantage of Oracle's parallel query features which make use of SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processors) with multiple "independent" CPUs sharing a common communication bus.

    However, SAP applications can take advantage of Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) services, which enables several Oracle instances to read the same database. A Distributed Lock Manager (DLM) specific to each hard disk manages access from several CPUs and transfer data blocks between the buffer caches of each instance.
    [_] To reduce pinging of data from other clusters, each table needs a freelist group for each instance.

    [_] Create large indexes with tablespaces that are twice as large as the index tree so that the index can be rebuilt in place within the same tablespace.

      ALTER INDEX index_name REBUILD
      TABLESPACE tablespace_name
      PARALLEL 20 UNRECOVERABLE
      STORAGE (INITIAL new_initial 
      	NEXT new_next 
      	FREELISTS new_freelist_number)  
      
    UNRECOVERABLE avoids the overhead of writing to the redo logs, which nearly double the speed. But these indexes need to be recreated after a roll-forward recovery operation.

 


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    Set screen Disk Space Utilization Monitoring

    • Table statistics history shows size and fragmentation of tables.
    • Top n largest tables
    • Top n modified tables - most frequently changed tables.
    • Top n growing tables - the fastest growing tables.
    • Compare the ABAP Dictionary vs. the actual database:
      • Missing unique Indexes - If any unique indexes exist in the ABAP Dictionary, but not in the database, create them in the DB. If there are any unique indexes in the database, but not in the ABAP Dictionary, consider deleting them from the database.
      • Views, tables and indexes in the ABAP Dictionary and on the database. If any of these objects exist in the ABAP Dictionary, but not in the database they must be created in the DB. If there are any objects on the database, but not in the ABAP Dictionary, delete them from the database.
    • SAP Kernel - transaction code SICK analyses the SAP Kernel to find out whether any inconsistencies that can result if problems exist.

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Set screen R/3 Instances

    To display all instance parameters, invoke report RSPARAM.

    Even though it is possible an application server to have more than one, there is usually only one dialog instance on an application server to run the SAP kernel (similar to an Oracle instance) which intercepts requests for work from SAP clients and executes ABAP programs and manages requests for data and services.

    Each dialog instance contains a dispatcher task and a set of R/3 work processes (WPs).

 

 
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Set screen SAP Server Services (Central Instance) Work Processes

    Most generic SAP architecture implementations have numerous application servers, but only a single central instance that manages SAP interfaces. A central instance is a concept unique to SAP. The central instance is a combination of hardware and software. It contains a physical server (the application server) and numerous software components, including a message server, a database gateway (a pre-established connection between SAP and Oracle--or another database), and various update, enqueue, dialog, and spool facility software.

    These work processes all run in parallel:

    Server Service # in Profile Description
    Web AS Dispatcher - - The transaction monitor/control program that (through a request queue) receives screens from presentation services and passes them to work processes in a balanced way. The dispatcher communicates with the task handler within each work process. The task handler coordinates the loading and unloading of user session context for each dialog step. and activates the dynpro interpreter or the ABAP processor, as required.
    Dialog DIA rdisp/wp_no_dia Used for interactive online processing. There is a minimum of 2 of these on each server. Each dialog work process constantly switches among sessions for different users. All work processes reference user contexts in a common memory area.
    Batch (Background) BTC rdisp/wp_no_btc Used for jobs running consecutively in the background. Each job step is an ABAP or external program.
    Update (V1) UPD rdisp/wp_no_vb Used for time-critical updates that need to happen immediately.
    Update (V2) rdisp/wp_no_vb2 Used for updates that are not critical and can be delayed until resources are available.
    Spool SPO rdisp/wp_no_spo Formats print requests for passing to host spool systems. Scans TemSe (temporal sequential objects) in the spool database for requests lost through queue overflows. As of Release 4.0, SAP allows more than one spool process per instance.
    ABAP Central Instance Enqueue (lock manager) ENQ rdisp/wp_no_enq The single "central lock management" mechanism that ensures data consistency by locking/unlocking portions of the database to all application servers during exclusive update.
    Message Server - - Communicates with the different application servers to route messages (includinge licensing) between the servers. Each SAP instance has only one message server. The location of the host running the message server is configured in the DEFAULT.PFL common profile parameter rdisp/mshost = <hostname>. It has its own start execution line in the start profile.
    Gateway - - Used for transport of bigger amounts of data between application servers as well as external (non-SAP) systems that communicate with SAP using the CPIC (Common Programming Interface Communications) protocol developed by IBM and X/Open — the lowest-level protocol used on the TCP/IP socket when connecting through the R/3 Gateway). Displaying Active CPI-C Connections
    Java Enqueue - - -
    JMS - - -

    The Global Work Process Overview displays: * The status of each application server * The reason why it is not running * Whether it has been restarted * The CPU and request run time * The user who has logged on and the client that they logged on to * The report that is running

    [_] Indicate the number of update work processes of type V1 and V2 inside the profile parameter file for each instance by specifying parameters rdisp/wp_no_vb and rdisp/wp_no_vb2


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    Set screen R/3 Basis System Tunables

    [_] The number of available work processes per application server should be configured using the SAP system profile parameters values appropriate to hardware capacity and the peak activity anticipated.

    [_] The number of database buffers should be set for the maximum anticipated number of simultaneously active users.

    Shared memory areas (buffers) holding user context data are available to all Work processes of all applications. Data there are quicker to access than retrievals from the database. However, data may be rolled out to the hard disk if not enough memory is available.
    [_] The sizing and configuration of these buffers (such as the refresh rate) is very important for system performance.

    [_] Parameter rdisp/wpdbug_max_no specifies the maximum number of work processes that can be run simultaneously in debugging mode.

    [_] Ensure that a large enough size is specified (in bytes) for the
    SQL trace file in parameter rstr/max_diskspace.
    ABAP trace files in parameter abap/atrasizequota.


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    Set screen Dispatcher Request Que Length and TimeOut

    [_] Set dispatcher request que length so that there are enough to the calculated total number of requests that may que up (be buffered) during the time it takes for operators to recognize an overflow and the time it takes to add more servers to handle the overflow.

    The SAP instance profile parameter rdisp/max_wprun_time is the maximum allowed time for interactive execution of a dialog step before the dispatcher stops the work process and issues a TIME_OUT error. It has a default value of 300 seconds (5 minutes).

    [_] Especially during stress tests, the default client time-out value of 10 seconds needs to be increased.


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Set screen Day and Night Op (Operation) Modes

    The number and type of work processes (WPs) supported by each application server are controlled by the "op mode" running.

      A "day mode" may consist of more dialog WPs for interactive sessions during the day.
      A "night mode" may consist of more batch WPs for batch processes run overnight.

    Op modes are automatically switched by a SAP background job according to the timetable set by the BASIS administrator.

    Additionally, different database initialization (Oracle INIT.ORA) files may be used at different times of day:

      The day mode has more PGA memory allocated to support more users.
      The night mode has shift memory to support backups and other batch processing.

    R/3 application server work processes are configured so that each work process handles, on average, 5 to 10 active users (assuming that typical users need around 10 times as long to enter data in the screen and interpret the results as the R/3 System needs to process the user requests.)

    Reading data from the R/3 buffer in memory is approximately 10 to 100 times faster than reading data from the database server. Global data available to all work processes on the R/3 instance, such as programs, table field definitions, and the contents of Customizing tables are stored temporarily in the buffer.

    Op modes are established by the SAP system administrator, commonly called the BASIS administrator,


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Set screen Web AS Server Instance Profile Configuration

    Location of Files

    Path name for the ABAP trace files. abap/atrapath -
    Name of the SQL trace file. rstr/file -

    Instance profiles named <SID>_<instancename>_<hostname> are automatically generated by the R/3 setup utility when an instance (dialog or central) is installed. By default, the name assigned to them has the format , Instance type profiles for a particular instance can override system profiles in DEFAULT.PFL.

    Although the sappad text editor can edit profiles even if the system cannot start, profile maintenance should be performed using SAP R/3 Computer Center Management System (CCMS) transaction RZ10 (Edit Profiles).

    sappfpar CHECK pf=C:\SAP\NSP\SYS\profile\NSP_DVEMGS00_BUBBA1
    verifies the profile file.

    Enter transaction code SMLG or menu Tools > _CCMS > Configuration > _Logon Groups to configure logon groups and their instance servers for Load balancing. This information is used by the SAP logon Windows application on each workstation to decide which system the user logs on to.

    Changes to profile parameters take effect after a system restart.
    Using the CCMS profile maintenance tool also requires the profile to be activated.

    Set screen High-level Memory Allocation

    Operating system 30 MB -
    SAP System - Check memory usage from initial screen Administration > System administration > Monitor > Performance > Setup/Buffers > Buffers > Goto > Current local data > Additional functions > Storage. Increase SAP buffers until no more object swaps occur.
    Database system - -

    Connections

    [_] Configure the number of users allowed to log on to an instance and the response time threshold for that instance.

    [_] Ensure there are enough connections specified with these parameters:
    Connection Pool Max. Parameter Default Value
    front-end connections in table tm_adm. rdisp/tm_max_no -
    CPIC/RFC connections that can be administered in communication table comm_adm. rdisp/max_comm_ entries -
    CPIC/RFC connections that can be administered by the gateway service in table conn_tbl. gw/max_conn -

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Set screen R/3 Shared Memory

    allocated in segments.

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    Set screen R/3 SAP Buffers in Memory

    Command $TAB resets Table buffers.
    Command $SYNC resets (in up to one hour) all SAP buffers on the application server. This is issued automatically every time new developed source is transported into a system running tp.

    by Priority Buffer for ... Parameter for Startup Max. Entries
    1. Repository Buffers (ABAP Dictionary buffer) TTAB (R/3 table definitions) in Table DDNTT - entrycount * 100 bytes rsdb/ntab/entrycount -
    FTAB (R/3 field definitions) in Table DDNTF rsdb/ntab/ftabsize KB rsdb/ntab/entrycount * 2 = max.
    SNTAB (Short/Summary names derived from DDNTT & DDNTF rsdb/ntab/sntabsize KB rsdb/ntab/entrycount * 2 = max.
    IRBD (Initial record layout initialized depending on the field type) rsdb/ntab/irbdsiz KB rsdb/ntab/entrycount * 2 = max.
    2. (transparent and pooled) Table Buffers Single Record (of 100KB - 200KB) of Partial Tables rtbb/buffer_length KB rtbb/maximum_tables Max.
    Generic (client) Key Table (for resident/full buffering of all entries in a table) zcsa/ table_buffer_ area - zcsa/database_max_buftab Max.
    SAP Buffers 3. Program Buffer PXA (Program Execution Area) stores compiled executable versions of ABAP programs from tables D010L (ABAP loads), D010T (texts), and D010Y (symbol table). abap/buffersize KB - -
    4. Roll and Paging Buffers PHYS_MEMSIZE - - -
    5. SAPGUI buffers Presentation buffer storing Dynpro loads (Screens) zcsa/presentation_buffer_area / 2 = bytes sap/bufdir_entries Max.
    CUA (menus, pushbutton definitions) from tables D345T (CUA texts) & D342L (CUA loads) rsdb/cua/buffersize KB - buffersize / 2 = Max.
    Export/Import to/from database (available to several work processes) using ABAP command EXPORT TO/IMPORT FROM SHARED BUFFER. rsdb/obj/buffersize KB rsdb/obj/max_objects Max.
    rsdb/obj/large_object_size = Typical size of the largest objects bytes
    Calendar (work days and public holidays in db tables TFACS and THOCS) zcsa/calendar_area KB zcsa/calendar_ids Max. entries

    Set the count of entries approriate to its size, since an increase in one may lead to a bottleneck in the other.

    SAP Cursor Cache (in the shadow process owned by each WP) reduces the number of parsing of SQL statements by storing cursors for SELECT statements to avoid time consuming PREPARE processing. The DBSL (Database SQL Library) creates and maintains statement IDs. Its profile setting of dbs/stmt_cache_size is different for each database (default fixed size of 250), so it should not be changed. The memory space of each entry in the statement cache is allocated dynamically, with a maximum 64KB per entry.

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    Set screen More on Roll and Paging Buffers (Extended memory)

    SAP's Zero Administration Memory Management introduced with R/3 Release 4.0 reduces tweaking to one R/3 profile setting:
    [_] PHYS_MEMSIZE to specify how much of the computer’s main memory should be used for the R/3 instance. SAP dynamically allocates this memory among roll, extended, heap, and paging memory, which should not have sizing parameters specified in profiles.
    R/3 extended memory -
    fixed local memory fixed local memory for each R/3 work process
    R/3 heap memory variable local memory for R/3 work processes
    abap/heap_area_total = how much R/3 heap memory can be allocated in sum by all work processes.
    abap/heap_area_dia and abap/heap_area_nondia = maximum amount of R/3 heap memory that can be allocated by a dialog or nondialog work process, respectively.
    R/3 roll memory Only one work process can access these buffers at a time.
    rdisp/ROLL_MAXFS specifies the size of the total global roll area (R/3 roll buffer plus the roll file).
    rdisp/ROLL_SHM specifies the size of the R/3 roll buffer.
    ztta/roll_area specifies the size of the local roll area for all types of R/3 work processes.
    R/3 paging memory -

    User session context information is moved around thus:

    SAP memory

    1. When a transaction starts, user context data up to the amount specified in the parameter ztta/roll_first is stored in the local roll area of the work process. This parameter should be set to 1 byte so that initially, no user context data is stored in R/3 roll memory. However, the R/3 roll memory always contains a small amount of administrative data, which requires around 100KB in the local roll area of the work process, even if ztta/roll_first is set to 1. An example of this administrative data is the addresses or pointers used to locate the user contexts in R/3 extended memory.
    2. If the user context is larger than the value of the parameter ztta/roll_first, the data is stored in R/3 extended memory.
    3. If the R/3 extended memory area is full, or if the user context reaches the value specified in the parameter ztta/roll_extension (the maximum amount of a single user context that can be stored in R/3 extended memory), the next part of the user context is stored in the remaining (non-initial) part of the local roll area up to the size specified in the parameter ztta/roll_area.
    4. If the continuing growth of the user context exceeds the amount of local roll area allocated to it by the parameter ztta/roll_area, the work process uses R/3 heap memory. R/3 heap memory has the disadvantage that it is local and — unlike R/3 roll memory — is not copied to a global memory area. If a work process allocates R/3 heap memory, the user context cannot be transferred to another work process. The work process remains exclusively assigned to a particular user in what is known as private ("PRIV") mode.

      In the Work Process Overview (Transaction SM50 or SM66), private mode usage is indicated in the columns Status and Reason by the values waiting and PRIV respectively.

    5. If the data volume for one work process reaches the value specified in the parameter abap/heap_area_dia, or the total data volume for all work processes reaches the value of abap/heap_area_total, the respective program terminates.

    If ztta/max_memreq_MB is set too low, message SYSTEM_NO_ROLL will be issued.

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Set screen Benchmark Applications

    Settings to avoid distorting measurements:

    1. Stop SAP internal processes and activities that never run in customer systems. Run the system in customer mode by setting the transport_system_type profile parameter to "Customer".
    2. Disable batch processing (if batch jobs are not part of the scenario being measured). In transaction RZ03 set the dynamic operation mode.
    3. Backups should not be running.
    4. Deactivate ABAP Debugging.
      In transaction SE80 > Utilities(M) > Settings pop-up > Debugging is deactivated. Ensure that the setting "Session breakpoint active immediately" in the ABAP Debugger

 

 
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Set screen Solution Manager Monitoring

    The SAP Solution Manageranother page on this site framework for monitoring and implementing SAP systems.

    During the configuration and management of the system landscape, SAP Solution Manager can execute ABAP scenarios executable configuration (IMG) files.

    LoadRunner and Performance Center includes several SAP tools for working with the SAPGUI protocol.

      SAPGUI Spy examines the hierarchy of GUI Scripting objects on open windows of SAPGUI Client for Windows. To install the SAPGUI Spy component, copy the three files mscomctl.ocx, Msflxgrd.ocx, and msvbvm60.dll from the SAP_Tools\SapGuiSpy\System32VBdlls directory to your C:\WINNT\system32 directory, then register the files. To register each file, select Run from the Windows Start menu and type: regsvr32 . Run SapSpy.exe from the SAP_Tools directory.

      SAPGUI Verify Scripting verifies whether the SAPGUI Scripting API is enabled. To install the Verify Scripting component, run VerifyScripting.exe from the SAP_Tools directory.

      Verify RFC User determines whether a SAP user specified to connect to the SAP system has permissions to invoke the required RFC functions necessary for working with SAP Diagnostics. To install this component, copy RFCFunctionsCollection.dll from the Verify RFC User directory to your local hard drive. Then register the file by selecting Run from the Windows Start menu and typing:

        regsvr32 RFCFunctionsCollection.dll

      In the Verify RFC User directory, load AddMTSDestinationsFolder.reg by double-clicking the file and acknowledging the risks.

      Then run VerifyRFCUser.exe.

 

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